P.S:As we discussed in the previous article a theoretical reflection of motor Control and motor learning we will be stepping ahead in understanding few more interesting concepts and its application.
In this article i will be providing a few links to highlight on the concept and discuss varied research works and readers will benefit from it only if they read the research links simultaneously with the article as i have tried to summarize with the evidences of excellent work done by researchers.Covering all the literature is beyond the scope of this article so i will be restricting it to few interesting ones.Readers can further do the review.
The challenge of achieving functional skill given neurological disease or injury may be met by weaving key concepts of motor learning and control into treatment protocols. However, in order to effectively integrate these concepts into rehabilitation programs, motor learning and motor control strategies need to be better understood.Individuals with neurological conditions that affect function may need to relearn previously acquired motor skills with an altered number and quality of resources available to them.
Frame work discussed in previous article reflects the fact that in the early 1900's voluntary movement was thought to occur through reflex linkages. This paradigm led to numerous theories of motor control that have been replaced as knowledge of the nervous system as it expands. Although the assumptions associated with varied motor control theories differ, most current theories have incorporated a Systems view of distributed control of the nervous system.
A Systems model suggests that movement results from the interaction of multiple systems working in synchrony to solve a motor problem
The advantage of the Systems model is that it can account for the flexibility and adaptability of motor behavior in a variety of environmental conditions. Functional goals as well as environmental and task constraints play a major role in determining movement. This frame of reference provides a foundation for developing intervention strategies based on task goals that are aimed at improving motor skills.
To understand this concept i would request the readers to read the articles that i will be providing link of.
Applying principles of motor learning and control to upper extremity rehabilitation This article from journal of hand therapy has simplified the understanding of the application with a case study.
Moving ahead to another novel concept of Neural Plasticity.
An article published by Center of General Medicine,Belgium as How much brain does a mind need? Scientific, clinical, and educational implications of ecological plasticity. Lebeer J1
in developmental Medicine and child Neurology,1988 highlights on Ecological Plasticity as a mew paradigm and well does a young brain adapt better than older one.
Leading from this article we will look in to Motor learning and Brain plasticity.
Studies of adult brain plasticity have shown that substantial improvement in function and/or recovery from losses in sensation, cognition, memory, motor control, and affect should be possible, using appropriately designed training paradigms.
As occupational therapist our aim on functional rehabilitation demands designing treatment strategies beneficial in retraining the individual in his activities of daily living meeting the temporal factors .
Thus,Driving brain plasticity with positive outcomes requires engaging adults in demanding sensory, cognitive, and motor activities on an intensive basis, in a behavioral context designed to reengage and strengthen the neuro-modulatory systems that control learning in adults, with the goal of increasing the fidelity, reliability, and power of cortical representations.
A randomized controlled pilot study states that brain-plasticity-based intervention targeting normal age-related cognitive decline may potentially offer benefit to a broad population of older adults. Brain plasticity and functional losses in the aged: scientific bases for a novel intervention. Mahncke HW1, Bronstone A, Merzenich MM. (You can mail me for full article PDF)
Thus the neural circuit is a complex process which can be studied in simplified way.To support my discussion i will refer another very recently published article on 30th May 2018 in Journal of Neurophysiology Case Studies in Neuroscience: Evidence of motor thalamus reorganization following bilateral forearm amputations Benjamin P. Whatley , Jeremy W Chopek , Ron Hill , and Robert M. Brownstone
There are evidences that people who have suffered brain injuries recover their motor function through therapy and training ( Dimyan and Cohen 2011)
The above mentioned article highlights a very interesting case study of development of essential tremor ,52 years bilateral forearm amputation due to which he was not able to able to use his prosthesis efficiently and his independence was severely affected.
He was elected for bilateral DBS procedure under micro electrode guidance.As it would be expected to have neuronal firing on active digit or wrist movement this was not possible to test pertaining to amputation however surprisingly it was found that even on volitional contra lateral elbow movement there was no activity observed at Vim however it was found that there was neuronal firing at ventral intermediate nucleus on shoulder protraction ,an action that was used to operate his terminal hooks.this clearly reflects the motor reorganization at thalamus.
This was in reference to motor control and plasticity.Motor learning is one of the widely studied subjects.At present there is no consensus to which motor control theory would define it best.
However as a therapist we should have an insight on this literature before designing our treatment protocols.
I am providing with another article which states the the limitations and clinical implications of all the discussed theories.
Also it discusses the factors affecting motor learning and the application in neuro-rehabilitation.
Theories and control models and motor learning: clinical applications in neuro-rehabilitation.Cano-de-la-Cuerda R et al. Neurologia. (2015)
Further reflecting on some research work which can be reviewed and referred by readers.
1) Dr Richard Keegan is an Assistant Professor in Sport and Exercise Psychology
Faculty of Health, and Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences,University of Canberra, Australia.
1) Dr. Kristen Pickett who is an Assistant Professor in the Occupational Therapy Program within the Department of Kinesiology at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. She received her Masters in Kinesiology and her PhD in Kinesiology, Biomechanics, and Neural Control from the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities.
You can view her academic tree here https://academictree.org/csd/publications.php?pid=150826&searchstring=&showfilter=all and read some of her work done in areas of somato sensory and
motor research .
2)Professor Paul Hodge ,Prof & NHMRC Snr Principal Res Fel,School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences,Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences,University of Queensland.directing to his interesting publications.
https://researchers.uq.edu.au/researcher/1050
3)Dr Andrew Gordon,Professor of Movement Sciences,Teachers College,Columbia University.
4)Dr. Simone V. Gill ,PhD,OT,OTR is the director of Motor development Lab,Sargent College,BU Her interests are in the areas of adaptation and development. She is particularly interested in understanding how types of practice and motor experience affect infants’, children’s, and adults’ ability to adapt to change. Her focus is on capturing the trajectory of change over multiple, nested time scales: across sessions, within sessions, within trials, and in the transition from trial to trial. In her current work, she has used walking to examine how infants and adults modify their gait to cope with changes in the environment and with changes in their body dimensions. She is a member of the American Occupational Therapy Association and the Society for Research in Child Development.
Link to her publications/work https://www.bu.edu/sargent/profile/simone-gill/
I conclude this article in hope of it being beneficial in understanding the concept.However the topic covers a wide area of research and will need constant updates which i will be posting intermittently.
In my next article i will be discussing some cases ad treatement from occupational therapy perspective with evidence based review.
-SSW
In this article i will be providing a few links to highlight on the concept and discuss varied research works and readers will benefit from it only if they read the research links simultaneously with the article as i have tried to summarize with the evidences of excellent work done by researchers.Covering all the literature is beyond the scope of this article so i will be restricting it to few interesting ones.Readers can further do the review.
The challenge of achieving functional skill given neurological disease or injury may be met by weaving key concepts of motor learning and control into treatment protocols. However, in order to effectively integrate these concepts into rehabilitation programs, motor learning and motor control strategies need to be better understood.Individuals with neurological conditions that affect function may need to relearn previously acquired motor skills with an altered number and quality of resources available to them.
Frame work discussed in previous article reflects the fact that in the early 1900's voluntary movement was thought to occur through reflex linkages. This paradigm led to numerous theories of motor control that have been replaced as knowledge of the nervous system as it expands. Although the assumptions associated with varied motor control theories differ, most current theories have incorporated a Systems view of distributed control of the nervous system.
A Systems model suggests that movement results from the interaction of multiple systems working in synchrony to solve a motor problem
The advantage of the Systems model is that it can account for the flexibility and adaptability of motor behavior in a variety of environmental conditions. Functional goals as well as environmental and task constraints play a major role in determining movement. This frame of reference provides a foundation for developing intervention strategies based on task goals that are aimed at improving motor skills.
To understand this concept i would request the readers to read the articles that i will be providing link of.
Applying principles of motor learning and control to upper extremity rehabilitation This article from journal of hand therapy has simplified the understanding of the application with a case study.
Moving ahead to another novel concept of Neural Plasticity.
An article published by Center of General Medicine,Belgium as How much brain does a mind need? Scientific, clinical, and educational implications of ecological plasticity. Lebeer J1
in developmental Medicine and child Neurology,1988 highlights on Ecological Plasticity as a mew paradigm and well does a young brain adapt better than older one.
Leading from this article we will look in to Motor learning and Brain plasticity.
Studies of adult brain plasticity have shown that substantial improvement in function and/or recovery from losses in sensation, cognition, memory, motor control, and affect should be possible, using appropriately designed training paradigms.
As occupational therapist our aim on functional rehabilitation demands designing treatment strategies beneficial in retraining the individual in his activities of daily living meeting the temporal factors .
Thus,Driving brain plasticity with positive outcomes requires engaging adults in demanding sensory, cognitive, and motor activities on an intensive basis, in a behavioral context designed to reengage and strengthen the neuro-modulatory systems that control learning in adults, with the goal of increasing the fidelity, reliability, and power of cortical representations.
A randomized controlled pilot study states that brain-plasticity-based intervention targeting normal age-related cognitive decline may potentially offer benefit to a broad population of older adults. Brain plasticity and functional losses in the aged: scientific bases for a novel intervention. Mahncke HW1, Bronstone A, Merzenich MM. (You can mail me for full article PDF)
Thus the neural circuit is a complex process which can be studied in simplified way.To support my discussion i will refer another very recently published article on 30th May 2018 in Journal of Neurophysiology Case Studies in Neuroscience: Evidence of motor thalamus reorganization following bilateral forearm amputations Benjamin P. Whatley , Jeremy W Chopek , Ron Hill , and Robert M. Brownstone
There are evidences that people who have suffered brain injuries recover their motor function through therapy and training ( Dimyan and Cohen 2011)
The above mentioned article highlights a very interesting case study of development of essential tremor ,52 years bilateral forearm amputation due to which he was not able to able to use his prosthesis efficiently and his independence was severely affected.
He was elected for bilateral DBS procedure under micro electrode guidance.As it would be expected to have neuronal firing on active digit or wrist movement this was not possible to test pertaining to amputation however surprisingly it was found that even on volitional contra lateral elbow movement there was no activity observed at Vim however it was found that there was neuronal firing at ventral intermediate nucleus on shoulder protraction ,an action that was used to operate his terminal hooks.this clearly reflects the motor reorganization at thalamus.
This was in reference to motor control and plasticity.Motor learning is one of the widely studied subjects.At present there is no consensus to which motor control theory would define it best.
However as a therapist we should have an insight on this literature before designing our treatment protocols.
I am providing with another article which states the the limitations and clinical implications of all the discussed theories.
Also it discusses the factors affecting motor learning and the application in neuro-rehabilitation.
Theories and control models and motor learning: clinical applications in neuro-rehabilitation.Cano-de-la-Cuerda R et al. Neurologia. (2015)
Further reflecting on some research work which can be reviewed and referred by readers.
1) Dr Richard Keegan is an Assistant Professor in Sport and Exercise Psychology
Faculty of Health, and Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences,University of Canberra, Australia.
1) Dr. Kristen Pickett who is an Assistant Professor in the Occupational Therapy Program within the Department of Kinesiology at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. She received her Masters in Kinesiology and her PhD in Kinesiology, Biomechanics, and Neural Control from the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities.
You can view her academic tree here https://academictree.org/csd/publications.php?pid=150826&searchstring=&showfilter=all and read some of her work done in areas of somato sensory and
motor research .
2)Professor Paul Hodge ,Prof & NHMRC Snr Principal Res Fel,School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences,Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences,University of Queensland.directing to his interesting publications.
https://researchers.uq.edu.au/researcher/1050
3)Dr Andrew Gordon,Professor of Movement Sciences,Teachers College,Columbia University.
The Motor Learning and Neuro rehabilitation Lab is coordinated by Dr. Andrew Gordon and Dr. Lori Quinn.
Dr. Gordon, Professor of Movement Sciences, is a motor control
scientist and is the director of the Center for Cerebral Palsy Research.A highlight of few of his work will give a good understanding of the updates in research
https://neurotree.org/beta/publications.php?pid=31671 4)Dr. Simone V. Gill ,PhD,OT,OTR is the director of Motor development Lab,Sargent College,BU Her interests are in the areas of adaptation and development. She is particularly interested in understanding how types of practice and motor experience affect infants’, children’s, and adults’ ability to adapt to change. Her focus is on capturing the trajectory of change over multiple, nested time scales: across sessions, within sessions, within trials, and in the transition from trial to trial. In her current work, she has used walking to examine how infants and adults modify their gait to cope with changes in the environment and with changes in their body dimensions. She is a member of the American Occupational Therapy Association and the Society for Research in Child Development.
Link to her publications/work https://www.bu.edu/sargent/profile/simone-gill/
I conclude this article in hope of it being beneficial in understanding the concept.However the topic covers a wide area of research and will need constant updates which i will be posting intermittently.
In my next article i will be discussing some cases ad treatement from occupational therapy perspective with evidence based review.
-SSW
No comments:
Post a Comment